Isaac Asimov, Mind of a Child Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history man has always had a vivid imagination. In prehistoric times, old man used to write stories, tales and such upon their cave dwelling walls. These were performed through the use of symbols. These symbols, called hieroglyphics, portrayed the thoughts and creativity of their authors. Boszhardt once said while talking about the cave pictures in Wisconsin, "When I first visited the cave, I was skeptical about the possible art that Daniel had written to me about, But once my flashlight came upon some of the drawings, there was no question that this was authentic Native American art. The birds, deer, and bow hunters are of styles that had to be prehistoric, and the charcoal had been absorbed into the rock. I was literally stunned--this was real, this was old, and there was a lot of it." In ancient Egypt, we also find such displays of messages and stories. Weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve all heard of such writings in the pyramids and such. The most brilliant display of these messages lies in the Mexico Desert with its mile long pictures created by who are believed to be Aztecs. These messages from the very beginning offered new, unique views and ideas upon existing scenarios. Ancient authors who had witnessed and read such symbols got their own ideas and developed their own style of writing and stories. This is has happened throughout history and is most prevalent in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. In the early 1900à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s technology began to boom. Many tales of science fantasy were created. The imagination of many was stirred violently as America and the U.S.S.R. were neck and neck in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Space Raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Magical tales of aliens and Martians were shaped by the twisted and horrifically minds of authors such as Isaac Asimov. Many remember the comical almost, ridiculous movies of the early nineteen fifties. At that time though, many believed them to be real and were frightened beyond normal convention. Many authors in this era began to evolve, much how the earlier ancient writers evolved themselves. I will give you a brief biography of Isaac Asimov to allow you to understand his writing better and relinquish the ideas captured within his works. Throughout his amazing and fantastical life he has written almost five hundred astonishing works. While not... ..., Robot is a collection of short stories written by the science fiction author himself, Isaac Asimov. He set out the principles of robot behavior that we know as the Three Laws of Robotics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (choen, Lindsay. I,Robot) Contained in this whimsical collection are stories of robots gone mad, mind-reading robots, robots with a sense of humor, robot politicians, and robots that secretly run the world, all told with Asimov's trademark dramatic blend of science fact and science fiction. This collection has set the boundaries and set a certain criteria for other authors to follow and keep consistency in their stories involving robots and other forms of artificial intelligence. Throughout time many innovators come and go. For some of these great men we remember not only their accomplishments but them as a person. Many of our modern technologies were developed or founded by one man, but do we know their names? Isaac Asimov must be considered one of the few innovators whom have not only shaped a new idea into reality but have also kept their legacy along with it.

Interview with a Medical Coder Essay

Medicine is an art, it is science and business. There are scientific and artistic aspects those doctors learn in the profession of medicine. Doctors have to be paid which requires a different skill that is complex and comes with administrative professional. Hint a Medical Biller and Coding. Medical Billers and Coders work with clinics, doctors, hospitals, patients, and other medical facilities. Submitting claims to insurance companies help ensure that supporting staff and doctors are properly reimbursed for services rendered. When one is a Medical Biller there are abbreviations and acronyms that help save time when filing a claim. Many offices have their own most frequently used acronyms and abbreviations that they use to do their coding and billing. There are many acronyms and abbreviations used in all medical practices. Here are some examples: EDI (Electronic Data Interchange): Electronic claims that are sent to a central clearinghouse for distribution for individual carriers. EOB (Explanation of Benefits): This refers to a document that is issued by an insurance company that responds to a claim statement which outlines what services are covered and what services are not, and what level of reimbursement are available. HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act): The privacy rule, which outlines certain entities in a person health plan, clearinghouses can disclose or use person health information, and who may be allowed to access a patients personal medical records. HMO (Health Maintenance Organization): Is a health management plan that requires patients to have a PCP (primary care physician). A PCP is where patients seek out most of their initial treatment at. If the PCP feels like it is necessary to seek treatment from specialist they will send a patient to within that network. CMS (Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services): United States Department of Health & Human Services that administer Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program, and Medicare. PPO (Preferred Provider Organization): This allows patients to visit providers that are contracted with their insurance companies. If that patient visits a non-contracted provider, the claim will be considered out-of-network. WC (Workers Compensation): The U.S. Department of Labor program provides insurance for employees whom may get injured on their place of employment. POS (Point of Service): An insurance plan that offers low cost HMOs when a patient sees network providers by their insurance company. Currently the medical coding is transitioning from ICD-9 to ICD-10. ICD-10 is presenting itself with more specific information and data, which in the turn helps with the World Health Organization (WHO). With the new ICD-10 codes have increased in character length giving the biller to right which specific extremity it is on a patient (left arm, right arm). ICD-10 compliance date is coming October 1, 2014. ICD- 10 reimbursement has said to have some challenges with DRG payments. The changes that are known to take place do not affect the DRG (Drug Related Groups) calculation as expected. The majority of reimbursements that come to a hospital are based on DRG. The impact on an organization with Medicare revenue of $150 million using a -0.04% variance it would be a $600,000 loss, which is still a substantial amount. Amounts of reimbursements can shift and vary depending on mix of a facilities DRG’s. In ICD-10 financial impact will be with slowdown in submission of final codes, rejections and denials because on inaccurate codes, and productivity loss (Smith, 2013). Medical billers and coders should not be overly concerned with these changes. Medical Billing and Coding specialist deal with patients medical records which contain physician’s notes for services that were rendered at the time of the patients visit. The medical biller and coder translates that information to a five-digit code from American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) or from Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD). It is crucial for the ICD and CPT codes match with the services rendered or a claim will be rejected, many claims are initially rejected. The cost of healthcare is on the rise and the demand for services has increased of required and specialty services feed into the financial greed among HMOs. The major bulk of hospital bills are paid directly by the patient’s health insurance provider which are termed the payer. 68% of the United States population has private insurance which is provided by their employer or self-pay. Around 9% of the population are self-payers who direct-purchase their insurance. There are two main categories of third- party payers they are government and private. Medicaid and Medicare are the largest government issued payers. Reimbursements for both private and governmental have policies that support therapeutics, diagnostics and new medical medicines and technologies. It is clinically evidence based approvals such as diagnostic test, prescription medicines, clinical trials and however insurers are using to help with their life cycle. With reimbursements there are incentives for medical facilities and doctors. Reimbursements are a source of revenue for hospitals; payers do not pay a full price for services. Healthcare has become the economy’s largest force. Healthcare services are very different from other industries because of the production rate. In the healthcare industry the technology advancement makes a bigger impact than other industries. An assembly line at a manufacturing plant process thousands of the same or identical items. These items are produced by robots and machines which dehumanizes the industry. Patients are cared for on unique terms one by one. Health care is also locally based in every city and state and are not outsourced or out of the country. As the healthcare industry is growing the productivity is slowing down. Thus the cost of production in the healthcare industry steadily rises. References (n.d.) AMA American Medical Association. â€Å"The Difference between ICD-9 and ICD-10†. Retrieved July 13, 2013 from http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/399/icd10-icd9-differences-fact-sheet.pdf Marcinko, D. (2011). Recognizing the Differences between Healthcare and Other Industries. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from http://medicalexecutivepost.com/2011/01/19/recognizing-the-differences-between-healthcare-and-other-industries/ Smith, Donna. (2013). â€Å"Reimbursement Impact of ICD-10: Should You Be Concerned?†. Retrieved from August 15, 2013 From http://healthcare-executive-insight.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Reimbursement-Impact-of-ICD-10-Should-You-Be-Concerned.aspx View as multi-pages

High Dreams Taxing Marijuana Essay examples - 1944 Words

High Dreams Taxing marijuana would be an asset to this country’s economy by helping them with the debts, rebuilding schools, and lowering crime rates. According to Matt Ferner of the Huffington Post, since Colorado legalized marijuana the state has made $600 million in combined wholesale and retail sales (Ferner). This can be great because the United States could pay off much of its debts. That amount of money was earned through a 25 percent tax on retail purchasing, including a 15 percent excise tax, and a 10 percent sales tax (Ferner). Another asset of taxing marijuana is that the government can give some of the money to the public. Some of this money can go to schools, hospitals, and medical treatments. The rest can go to creating new†¦show more content†¦All sales are assessed the standard state sales tax of 2.9 percent, plus there is a special 10 percent state tax and 15 percent excise tax, and there is also an extra local sales and excise tax in many cities (NBC ). In addition to sales taxes there are a couple of rules for the sale of marijuana. There is a state sales tax imposed on retail marijuana and marijuana products on top of the 2.9 on existing state sales tax which is an addition to local sales tax. According to Kelly Phillips, a contributor to Forbes stated that together with the sales and special taxes, and Phillips stated that Denver County accounted for more than half of all medical and recreational marijuana related sales tax while outside of Denver; taxes can be closer to 13 percent (Phillips). However, as the price for marijuana gets higher, Colorado will still be taxing and the state will still be making a lot of money from this drug. The majority of Americans say they prefer cutting programs to increasing taxes as a way to deal with the nation’s budget deficit (Huffington Post). Marijuana legalization would seemingly give the government money without doing either (Huffington Post). Also according to the Huffington Post, with this legalization it can improve the economy as much as 13.7 billion per year, and as the Huffington post states, â€Å"At a minimum, this debate will force advocates of current policy to show that prohibition has benefits sufficient to justify the cost ofShow MoreRelatedPresident Richard Nixon : The United State1720 Words   |  7 PagesStates’ war on drugs. It’s pretty clear that Nixon’s ideas for eradicating the country’s drug use never quite came to fruition. In fact, to be frank, it has failed pretty miserably. Today, drug abuse, drug addiction, and drug related crime is as high as ever. [source] In this research paper, I will argue that the United States’ war on drugs has done far more harm than it has done good. The senseless fight against the use of recreational drugs is hurting our nation’s economy, it is endangering theRead MoreThe Effect of Legalizing Prostitution on the Economy1359 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the roof and nobody can find a job to support their families. Because of this banks are failing, houses are being foreclosed on and the American Dream is becoming further and further out of reach of younger generations. So while the government is continuing to go into further debt it is also trying to counter act this. They began taxing little things. Cigarette taxes have been on the rise, gas taxes, property taxes and even tanning. All these little additions do not even begin to scrape theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized By The Federal Government?1998 Words   |  8 PagesGovernment February 24, 2015 Should Marijuana be legalized by the federal government? There has been a sudden spark of interest in the debate about the legalization of marijuana in communities across the United States, but most people are misinformed with the way the government portrays marijuana, reading research that doesn’t provide clear sources and attempts to criminalize the use of marijuana. Only six percent of all medicinal research goes toward the study of Marijuana for medical use, but most peopleRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs2355 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the primary focuses of America s War on Drugs is the controversial drug Marijuana. Marijuana remains the most widely used illegal drug and stirs up constant debate everywhere. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime from the World Drug Report 2004 an estimation of about 4 percent of the world’s adult population (162 million) consume marijuana annually (156). For thousands of years human beings have attempted to find ways to get passed the struggles of everyday life. With Read MoreDrug Addiction And Its Effects On The Brain4200 Words   |  17 PagesComparison Even after the Drug Court program was put in place, the prison population has continued to grow. From 1986 to 2012, the U.S. prison population grew from 400,000 to almost 1.6 million (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). To put into prospective how high the drug offender prison population is in the United States, one can look at the comparison with the European Union prison population. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2000), the European Union has a populationRead MoreMacroeconomics Is Better Or Worse Than The Market1518 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational leadership in innovation and entrepreneurship.† (Shapiro, 2013) He suggested granting automatic green cards to STEM graduate students from U.S. universities and passing the Dream Act law-abiding people brought to the U.S. as children to become citizens. Another idea would be to, end the war on drugs by taxing marijuana instead of spending billions incarcerating people. Other countries like Spain who have done so have brought in a lot of revenue. Further is the idea to require unemployed citizensRead MoreAnalyzing Current Situation Of Us Economy And Comparing It With Past Years3686 Words   |  15 Pagesreplacing the low-wage economic strategy of the past 30 years with a high-wage strategy for sharing the prosperity. (Aflcio, 2013) The first step is to put America back to work. Our motive is to provide â€Å"full employment† which means everyone wanting to work should be able to work by finding themselves a decent job. (Aflcio, 2013) The second step is mainly focused on rebuilding the middle class for a matter of fact, by keeping the wages high we can enforce economic equality and also help in restoring theRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition

Memorable Lucille Ball Quotes

Lucille Ball began her career in musical comedy, became a success in radio comedy, starred in several movie comedies, and achieved her greatest popular success with her TV show, I Love Lucy, first airing in 1951 and running until 1957. She also starred in The Lucy Show (1962-68) and Heres Lucy (1968-74). Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, who produced I Love Lucy together as well as starred in the show, were married from 1940 to 1960. Lucille Ball managed Desilu Productions from 1962 to 1967 and Lucille Ball Productions from 1967 to 1989. Selected Lucille Ball Quotations †¢ I never thought I was funny. I dont think funny. †¢ Im not funny. What I am is brave. †¢ Ability is of little account without opportunity. †¢ The secret of staying young is to live honestly, eat slowly, and lie about your age. †¢ If you want something done, ask a busy person to do it. The more things you do, the more you can do. †¢ Luck? I dont know anything about luck. Ive never banked on it, and Im afraid of people who do. Luck to me is something else: Hard work —  and realizing what is opportunity and what isnt. †¢ One of the things I learned the hard way was that it doesnt pay to get discouraged. Keeping busy and making optimism a way of life can restore your faith in yourself. †¢ I think knowing what you cannot do is more important than knowing what you can do. In fact, thats good taste. †¢ I would rather regret the things that I have done than the things that I have not. †¢ In life, all good things come hard, but wisdom is the hardest to come by. †¢ I have an everyday religion that works for me. Love yourself first, and everything else falls into line. You really have to love yourself to get anything done in this world. †¢ Once in his life, every man is entitled to fall madly in love with a gorgeous redhead. †¢ My God, Im outliving my henna. †¢ Womens lib?...It doesnt interest me one bit. Ive been so liberated it hurts. †¢ Politics should be the part-time profession of every citizen who would protect the rights and privileges of free people and who would preserve what is good and fruitful in our national heritage. †¢ Its a helluva start, being able to recognize what makes you happy. †¢ Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced. †¢ I regret the passing of the studio system. I was very appreciative of it because I had no talent. †¢ What could I do? I couldnt dance. I couldnt sing. I could talk. †¢ Heaven, no. I was shy for several years in my early days in Hollywood until I figured out that no one really gave a damn if I was shy or not, and I got over my shyness. †¢ You see much more of your children once they leave home. †¢ Use a make-up table with everything close at hand and don’t rush; otherwise you’ll look like a patchwork quilt. †¢ A man who correctly guesses a womans age may be smart, but hes not very bright. †¢ What we did on [i[I Love Lucy was not slapstick. I worked with the Three Stooges years ago, and they were masters of slapstick, so I know what slapstick is. †¢ The best thing I learned from working with the Stooges was when to duck! Its true. Your timing has to be right so that you dont get hurt in the scene. The Stooges were always teaching people on the set how to duck. †¢ You spell Bob Hope C-L-A-S-S. †¢ I dont do T A very well because I havent got much of either. Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis.

Essay about Analysis of Two Advertisements - 1126 Words

Analysis of Two Advertisements One of the massive international industries in the world is advertising. The money that it makes is inestimable because it successfully sells, and attains most the aims of their business. It promotes ideas and products to people using the media. A lot of people feel overwhelmed by the huge number of ads that bombard them everyday. It saturates every media around to meet its target. Adverts now appear not only on television; they also appear on radio, billboards, Internet, cell phones and numerous other ways. It can be argued that they have a profound effect on people’s appearance and our society. Advertising in my view is a competitive industry. Advertisers are†¦show more content†¦The industry creates and reinforces stereotypes of what it means to be a man and a woman. This would then create great confusion to both genders of how a person’s image should be. For example, advertisers have made men, as mentioned before, obsessed with their performance and women obsessed with their appearance. The first advert I have chosen is targeted to a female audience. The feature of this particular advert shows a young woman staring back at the audience, smiling. It is a really close picture to her face, her hair neatly tied back, and her eyes have a slight glow. Her lips have a slight shine and her skin is perfectly clear. This instantly indicates that the model of this advertisement takes care of her looks and appearance. It is inviting the target audience, as if calling you in to a completely perfect world. Already, we can tell advertisers are concentrating on physical appearance and presenting the product as a cure for unattractiveness. This advert is trying to sell ‘Maybeline Fresh Matte Foundation.’ Beside the model is a clear picture of the product. It is big enough and is well laid out across the page to be seen from distance. Effective colours have been used in the background to make this advert eye-catching; the background is baby blue and white. The writing is all written in navy. A lot of quotations have been used as well to get more attention from theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Two Advertisements Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Two Advertisements I will be analysing two advertisements, stating how effective they are likely to be in achieving their purpose and in selling as a cruise holiday. In my analysis I will include a list of persuasive techniques used in these advertisements. Undoubtedly, the purpose of an advertisement is a strong appeal to the readers. The purpose of the first advertisement; Ciudadela, Menorca, is to persuade the audience to try this holiday. It strongly Read MoreEssay on Analysis of Two Advertisements753 Words   |  4 PagesI will be analyzing two advertisements, stating how effective they are likely to be in achieving their purpose and in selling a renter’s paradise. In my analysis I will include a list of persuasive techniques used in these advertisements. Undoubtedly, the purpose of an advertisement is a strong appeal to the readers. The purpose of the first advertisement; The Grove, apartments is to persuade the audience to experience the pleasurable and joys of living. It strongly reinforces the views through theRead MoreAn Analysis of Two Advertisements Essay2548 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of Two Advertisements I am going to analyse two adverts and discuss which one is more effective. The first advert that I am going to study is marketing New Synergie lift by Garnier. The second is promoting the product Total turnaround by Clinique. Both adverts were obtained from Marie Claire- a magazine intended for women aged between twenty and thirty. This suggests that the target audience for these two particular adverts is women, who are possiblyRead MoreAnalysis of Two Advertisements of Beauty Product Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Two Advertisements of Beauty Products I have analyzed two advertisements, which are both promoting beauty products. The first advertisement I have chosen is Boujour Paris Talon Aiguilles Mascara which was found in the heat magazine and it is aiming at young female adults. The second advertisement I have chosen is Prescriptive Foundation which in contrast to the first advertisement is aimed at an elder audience. In addition this advertisement was foundRead MoreThis Rhetorical Analysis Will Be Focusing On Two Advertisements.824 Words   |  4 Pages This rhetorical analysis will be focusing on two advertisements. The first is â€Å"Top Gear: Ice-Cream† by the agency Selmore and the second is â€Å"the back seat slingshot ad†, for which I do not know it’s real title, by the agency Clement BBDO. The first advertisement depicts the importance of seat belts by using an analogy between children and ice cream. In this ad, an adult, presumably a man, is driving on a nice day with a splattered pink ice cream cone on the windshield. The first thing the audiencesRead MoreEssay Analysis Of Advertisements For Two Different Things1235 Words   |  5 Pages Analysis of Advertisements for Two Different Things nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In order for advertisements to succesfully portray a product, they must be directed to the appropriate intended audience. Magazines, in general, are usually geared towards a specific audience with distinct interests. Therefore, the `ads need to be carefully designed to attract the attentions of the magazine reader. This very concept is well displayed in the two selected, yet very different, magazine ads from theRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Two Print Advertisements873 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Two Print Advertisements For this piece of coursework I will be looking at two different adverts made by the same company, Muller, and finding the techniques that are used and what the effect of these methods are on the reader. The first advert is for Muller light mousse. It has a picture of a large mousse pot in the foreground, which has been manipulated to make the viewer’s eyes believe that it is the end of a bath tub, and in the bath tub is a youngRead MoreAnalysis of Two Advertisements From Magazines Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Two Advertisements From Magazines I have chosen adverts that are both aimed at teenagers, as this is the biggest market, and the one companies make most money from. As I am a teenager I can identify with the target audience and therefore decide whether the adverts successfully target their audiences. The two adverts I choose to analyse were very different; although they were both aimed at the same target audience, they used different persuasive techniquesRead MoreResearch Paper: Content Analysis of Nine Creative Concepts Found in Magazine Advertisements.1392 Words   |  6 Pages1 MAIN ISSUE This research is a quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive content analysis of selected advertisements from two different magazines published in August 2012 using the nine different creative concepts as main emphasis. 2 RESEARCH CRITERIA The main research problem deals with the use of creative concepts in advertisements which is a mass media issue and therefore contributes to the existing knowledge in communication studies. The issue is also of interestRead MoreResearch Paper: Content Analysis of Nine Creative Concepts Found in Magazine Advertisements.1386 Words   |  6 Pages1 MAIN ISSUE This research is a quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive content analysis of selected advertisements from two different magazines published in August 2012 using the nine different creative concepts as main emphasis. 2 RESEARCH CRITERIA The main research problem deals with the use of creative concepts in advertisements which is a mass media issue and therefore contributes to the existing knowledge in communication studies. The issue is also of interest to

International Management Managing Borders -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Management Managing Borders? Answer: Introducation Philippines, formally identified as the Republic of the Philippines, can be considered to be a self-governing island nation in Southeast Asia. Essentially, the unemployment rate of Philippines was approximately 5.475% of the entire labour force. The gross domestic product (GDP) was recorded to be PHP 8113.17 billion in 2016 and nominal GDP was documented to be PHP 14449.93 billions (Warner 2014). Reports suggest that Purchasing power parity founded per capita GDP was approximated to be USD 7728.07 and government's income was approximately PHP 2813.22 billion while the expenses were necessarily PHP 2869.53 billion (Warner 2014). Particularly, this led to negative borrowing standing at PHP 56.312 billion during 2016 reflecting that adequate financial resources were not obtainable to enhance economic growth. This poor economic condition can be regarded as a matter of concern. However, in spite of stubbornly higher levels of inequality in income, countrys middle class section is intensif ying and generating enhanced demand for modern products such as (trendy dresses) in this case (Morschett et al. 2015). Plans to deal with their concerns and to ensure a long term cooperative relationships The business can assume the strategic measures of penetrating into an international market. The low cost strategy can be used in this regard for delivering products at low cost. Thus, the company can adopt the stratagem of selling trendy dresses at lower prices in comparison to the competitors (Deresky 2017). The major concern of income inequality can be taking the path of low cost, reducing costs and thereafter passing the savings to consumers in terms of low prices. References Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management(pp. 978-3658078836). business. Warner, M., 2014.Culture and management in Asia. Routledge.

Private property an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Private property by Expert Tutor Maya | 22 Dec 2016 Private property is generally defined (De Soto, 1989) as commonly recognized possessions, which belong to an inpidual. The concept of private property is close-knit to the right to ownership, described in numerous philosophical perspectives and declared nowadays in the most worlds constitutions. As one knows from the history, the implications of ownership appeared a long age, in prehistoric societies, where social stratification was at its sunrise, and with the development of Roman law, it was included into the first statute book (De Soto, 1989) . The present paper is intended to discuss philosophical approaches to private property and focus on Lockes perspective, clearly relating to the idea of business. Need essay sample on "Private property" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Aristotle was among the first philosophers who advocated private property in his writings, namely in Politics. The ancient thinker reveals the truth about acquisitive human nature; that which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the common interest; and only when he is himself concerned as an inpidual (Bellamy and Ross, 1996, p. 139). In addition, the scholar states that common property is inconvenient, as although inpiduals have approximately the same needs, some of them tend to work less that others, still consuming communal resources of the basis of equality (ibid). Private property is therefore viewed as a means of social justice and workload-sensitive distribution of material resources. Hobbes, the Enlightenment philosopher, sought to present private property of governments responsibility. First of all, he insists on giving to every man his own (Bellamy and Ross, 1996, p. 148), but the extent of ownership is vague therefore and therefore vulnerable to violent usurpation - in his sense, the scholar recommends that the government or executive power determine, declare and control the observance of property rights. Hobbes in his writings describes law-abiding approach, so that power is only political force, entitled to use compulsion and rigid control over social relations, so that the scholar truly believed in the importance of regulating property rights from above, or in hierarchical order (De Soto, 2006). James Harrington, who wrote his Oceana approximately simultaneously with Hobbes creative activity, states that property right is natural, but applicable in limited number of contexts: for instance, political power in its pure structure appeared as a result of property distribution, not conversely, as Hobbes claims (De Soto, 2006). Due to the fact that political order is secondary and that its development was close-knit to the emergence of the conception of ownership, it is important to remember that the noble crown might abuse or usurp property and hold the great part of national possessions (Bellamy and Ross, 1996; De Soto and Cheneval, 2006). D.Hume, another outstanding philosopher, hold conservative views on property and states that customs and traditions in fact determined the development of political and legal apparatuses, including those norms and conventions, which put certain orders or restraints upon private property. A regard for liberty, though a laudable passion, ought commonly to be subordinate to a reverence for established government, which means, government is responsible for the distribution of private property, moreover: There are property rights because of and to the extent that the existing law, supported by social customs, secure them (De Soto and Cheneval, 2006, p. 352). In addition, the philosopher recommends the spur of industry (ibid, p. 355), which engenders property. Hegel, in his Philosophy of Right takes rather inpidual than macrosocial approach to property and describes it in relation to the persons needs and willing. The scholar pides human needs into biological and social and states that the satisfaction of these needs is the main constituent of human willing (Ellickson, 1993). The things of the objective world become property only in relation to ones will, they are not property by themselves. On the other hand, only through the mastery and transformation of the world can the will be actualized and personality made concrete (Ellickson, 1993, p. 1317). Property is viewed as a tool of achieving appropriateness in the social context within which the inpidual operates for instance, the members of top class need much more property that necessary for meeting their physical needs, as in this case social stimulus becomes stronger that instinctive. This means, private property is not merely material possessions, but rather a mode, which determines social relations as well as the development of human cognition (Ellickson, 1993; De Soto and Cheneval, 2006) . Lockes (Locke, 2003) account defends private property and combines theological and philosophical standpoints. First of all, the thinker refers to property as to a right, provided by God, namely, the right to make use of natural facilities and resources. Nevertheless, the Deity gave the Earth to the entire humanity in common, rather than distributing the resources among inpiduals, so Locke seeks to answer the question concerning the measurement of the amount of possessions each person deserves/is entitled to use. According to his theory, inpiduals own themselves and their own labor, but as soon as the labor enters into the object (Locke, 2003, p. 372), the inpidual receives this object as their private property. For instance, a peasant who grows potatoes, puts his labor into this activity and therefore its material results (the crops) become his property (Bellamy and Ross, 1996). This is Lockes principle of labor-mixing: if ones labor is mixed with unowned object, this inpidual is entitled to use it as their property (Locke, 2003; De Soto and Cheneval, 2006) . In addition, the scholar persifies property rights: for instance, he alleges that everyone is entitled to use their belongings in accordance with their will, i.e. allow another inpidual to use them, exclude others from their use or announce another persons right for this object. Those are the components of his idea of liberty in terms of private property. The other constituents include: 1.Each person has the natural right to do whatever she chooses with whatever she legitimately owns so long as she does not harm other people (in ways that violate their rights). Each person also has the corresponding natural right not be harmed by anyone else (in any way that violates her rights. 2. Each person is a full owner of herself (Bellamy and Ross, 1996, p. 297). On the other hand, the scholar convinces that an inpidual is not entitled to sell themselves into slavery, this means, the only restriction, placed upon self-ownership right is the impossibility of ones voluntary renounce (Locke, 2003) of this particular right (integral right). Furthermore, the third point (condition) of Lockes concept of liberty in possession is the right to have the same benefit from their labor as others receive from the efforts of the same nature (Locke, 2003; Bellamy and Ross, 1996): for instance, a programmer should earn the same amount as paid to other programmers with identical job responsibilities. Furthermore, the scholar states that inpiduals should respect the others property rights and avoid using another persons possessions without the latters compliance. Furthermore, the philosopher states that making use of material objects (first and foremost, land, as the scholar presents real property as a basic pattern) doesnt imply destroying them; on the contrary, each inpidual should care about the applicability or usability of such objects or avoid wasting the resources (Locke, 2003; McKay, 2004). Logically, resources should belong to those who can use them in productive way: Locke holds that at least when third condition obtaines and the No Waste rule is observed by private appropriators, then one has a right to appropriate unowned land as ones private property and this appropriation establishes genuine full property rights held by the appropriator over that particular parcel of land (McKay, 2004, p. 517). Locke also mentions his explanation of scarcity of natural resources: e.g. he holds that inequality in real possessions point to social consent concerning the use of money, intended to compensate for the lack of land for certain inpiduals. This statement can be proved through the following fact: in the period of natural households, inpiduals hadnt yet invented money and therefore manifested their property rights in accordance with Lockes approach: they appropriated unowned land and employed natural exchange to get the products, grown on the others lands. To sum up, interpreting Lockes doctrine in the context of contemporary business, one can understand that the scholar provides the basic principles of business ethics, related to private property: first of all, the corresponding right of an entrepreneur is inviolable, secondly, employees should receive sufficient salaries (according to the standards in this area), thirdly, social responsibility should be among the major concerns of contemporary businesses, as this concept includes environment preservation and observation of No Waste norm, i.e. resources, which constitute property, should be utilized rationally and cautiously. It is clear that business or company is the entrepreneurs property, whereas employees labor is possessed exclusively by the latter, so that they should receive certain compensation (unless the worker is a volunteer) for providing their property to the businessman. Finally, market competition among enterprises should not include the abuse of other entrepreneurs ownership-based rights (e.g.stealth, including plagiarism or information theft). Reference list Bellamy, R. and Ross, A. (1996). A Textual Introduction to Social and Political Theory. Manchester. De Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. Harper and Row. De Soto, H. and Cheneval, F. (2006). Realizing Property Rights. Ruffer and Rub. Ellickson, R. (1993). Property in Land. Yale Law Journal, 102: 1315-1400. Locke, J. (2003). Two Treatises of Government, ed. P.Laslett. Cambridge University Press. McKay, J. (2004). A History of world Societies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.